Microbial processes refer to the various biological activities carried out by microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. These processes play a crucial role in numerous environmental, industrial, and biotechnological applications. In environmental science, microbial processes are involved in biogeochemical cycling, nutrient recycling, and degradation of pollutants. For example, bacteria play a key role in the nitrogen cycle by converting nitrogen gas into forms that plants can use as nutrients. In industrial applications, microbial processes are utilized for the production of various products such as enzymes, antibiotics, biofuels, and food items. For instance, fermentation by yeast is commonly used in the production of beer and bread. In biotechnology, microbial processes are used for genetic engineering, wastewater treatment, and biocontrol of pests and diseases. Microorganisms have also been engineered to produce biofuels and other sustainable products. Overall, the study of microbial processes is important for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of microbial metabolism, as well as for harnessing the capabilities of microorganisms in various fields of science and technology.